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In China, it is the continuation of citizenship education in primary schools, which lays the foundation for citizenship education in senior high schools. So the authors have chosen citizenship education at the junior high schools stage in mainland China as the purpose of this paper is to provide answers to three research questions: (1) is ideological and moral education citizenship education at junior high schools in China? (2) What is the content of citizenship education at junior high schools in China? (3) What are the characteristics of citizenship education at junior high schools in China?

This paper adopts the methods of literature review and text analysis. Text analysis means that researchers must study from the surface to the depths of a text and grasp the profound meaning which cannot be found otherwise by general readers. Of course, there are many modes of text analysis. Here, we mainly adopt intertextuality and dialogue analysis modes to understand citizenship education and its characteristics from the Ideology and Morality textbooks. The analysis of the textbooks has been carried out from three perspectives (i.e. the concepts, contents and teaching methods of citizenship education), where the focus is on the analysis of the textbook content. Through literature review, this study presents a critique of the definitions, and of analogous and conflicting ideas, to provide answers to research questions RQ1 and RQ2. Because of the authority and representativeness of the Ideology and Morality textbooks in citizenship education studies at the relevant stage in mainland China, they are chosen and are subject to text analysis from three perspectives (i.e. the concept, content and teaching method of citizenship education), to answer RQ3. The paper’s argument is built on an appropriate base of theory and concepts.

Through a textual analysis of Ideology and Morality for junior high schools in China, we can report the following findings: First, the junior high school ideological and moral course is citizenship education with Chinese characteristics. Second, the contents of citizenship education in junior high schools in China include the identification of the Chinese state and nation, the enhancement of citizenship education based upon the unity of right and obligations, and the importance of the contents and requirements of such civic knowledge as a means for public consciousness education. Third, the methods involve classroom instruction and the participation in practical activities.

The Ideology and Morality course in junior high schools in China is representative of a citizenship education that has Chinese characteristics. The citizenship education at this stage is peculiar, but its construction is far from perfect. Besides, this special form of education is now facing challenges from burgeoning nationalism and globalization, which is creating pressure for the improvement of the theories of citizenship education presented in this period, the standardization of its content and the change of its methods of delivery. This paper sheds light on this issue to some extent.

This study aims to clarify the influence mechanism of polishing solution type on the glazing evolution of fixed abrasive pad under different interfacial pressure conditions.

The tribological experiments were carried out on the friction and wear machinery with W3-5 diamond fixed abrasive pad and quartz glass workpiece under three polishing solution types of five pressure conditions. The changes of surface morphology, porosity and hardness of fixed abrasive pad were detected by white light interferometer, optical microscope and shore hardness tester.

The results showed that the glazed phenomenon of fixed abrasive pad is occurred after a certain time, which is more obvious with the increasing of interfacial pressures. The polishing solution type has a significant effect on the glazing time, although the glazed phenomenon is inevitable. The mechanism of it is that the micro-convex peaks on the surface of the fixed abrasive pad are easily wear, and the pores are blocked by the accumulation of waste debris generated during the experiment process. Thus, a smooth and high-density hard layer is formed on the surface of the fixed abrasive pad which induces the decreasing of the friction coefficient and surface roughness value. For selected polishing solution types, the wear rate of micro-convex peaks is different due to the corrosion action difference with polishing pad surface.

The main contribution of this work is to provide a new investigating method for further understanding the glazing evolution mechanism of fixed abrasive pad.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2023-0257/

This study aims to clarify the influence mechanism of surface texture (arrays of circular/square and concave/convex) on the frictional properties of WC-TiC/Co cemented carbide under a water-miscible cutting fluid (JAEGER SW-105, 5 per cent) environment.

Four types of textured cemented carbide surfaces (arrays of circular/square and concave/convex that have different textured densities and sizes) were fabricated using laser surface technology. Pin-on-disc tests between an AISI 304 stainless steel ball and WC-TiC/Co cemented carbide samples were carried out for a variety of normal loads (1, 3 and 5 N) under a water-miscible cutting fluid environment. The effects of textured type, density and size on the friction coefficient were obtained.

Compared to a smooth surface, some textured samples successfully resulted in a reduced friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of textured WC-TiC/Co cemented carbide samples depended greatly on the textured type, density and size. Given the increase in textured density (ranging from 10 to 30 per cent), the friction coefficient of the test samples first decreased and then increased for all normal loads (1, 3 and 5 N), and the minimum friction coefficient was obtained at the textured density of 20 per cent. The concave textured surface showed obvious advantages in friction coefficient reduction regardless of textured density, size and normal load compared with the convex textured surface. Finally, the correlation between textured diameter/length and Hertzian contact width was studied for various normal loads and texture sizes. A 2.6 ratio of textured diameter/length to Hertzian contact width is recommended under for lubricated sliding contact with the water-miscible cutting fluid.

The main contribution of this work is in providing a design reference and obtaining an essential understanding on the effect of surface texture (arrays of circular/square and concave/convex) on the friction of WC-TiC/Co cemented carbide under a water-miscible cutting fluid environment.

Production of waste has been increased exponentially due to world industrialization and urban and machine life expansion. On the other hand, the outbreak of the COVID-19 coronavirus quickly became a global crisis. This crisis has added a large amount of waste to urban waste. The purpose of this study is to create cooperation between municipal waste collector contractors.

Thus, a mathematical model is proposed under uncertain conditions, which includes the volume of municipal waste and infectious waste including personal protective equipment and used equipment for patients. To reduce total costs, the results are evaluated with four cooperative game theory methods such as Shapley value, t value, core center and least core. Ultimately, the saved cost by cooperation in each coalition is allocated fairly among the contractors. Finally, a comparison was made between the solution methods based on the value of the objective function and the solution time.

The results indicate that the proposed cooperative method increases cost savings and reduces the fine of residual waste. Therefore, it can be mentioned that this kind of cooperation would finally result in more incentives for contractors to form larger coalitions. Genetic algorithms were used to solve the large-scale model.

The proposed model boosts the current understanding of waste management in the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper adds additional value by unveiling some key future research directions. This guidance may demonstrate possible existing and unexplored gaps so that researchers can direct future research to develop new processes.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the purchase intention in the case of smartphone advertising, which is unlike any other advertising media.

This study examines the characteristics of recent mobile advertisements such as brand attitude and context awareness value, which have not been considered in studies on non-mobile advertisements, to address purchase intention through smartphone advertisements using structural equation modeling.

The results are as follows. Together with entertainment, information, irritation, and personalization in non-mobile advertisements, timing and location in mobile advertisements are the main factors for establishing consumers’ purchase intention. Further, although mobile advertisements’ context awareness value strongly impacts consumers’ advertising attitude and brand attitude, purchase intention receives greater impact from brand attitude than from advertising attitude because the products/services lack feel and touch.

These results imply that contextual advertising and new technology enabling feel and touch for products/services can maximize the effect of mobile advertisements.

Lapping is a vital flattening process to improve the quality of processed semiconductor wafers such as single-crystal sapphire wafers. This study aims to optimise the lapping process of the fixed-abrasive lapping plate of sapphire wafers with good overall performance [i.e. high material removal rate (MRR), small surface roughness (Ra) of the wafers after lapping and small lapping plate wear ratio (η)].

The influence of process parameters such as lapping time, abrasive size, abrasive concentration, lapping pressure and lapping speed on MRR, Ra and η of lapping-processed sapphire wafers was studied, and the results were combined with experimental data to establish a regression model. The multi-evaluation index optimisation problem was transformed into a single-index optimisation problem via an entropy method and the grey relational analysis (GRA) to comprehensively evaluate the performance of each parameter.

The results revealed that lapping time, abrasive size, abrasive concentration, lapping pressure and lapping speed had different influence degrees on MRR, Ra and η. Among these parameters, lapping time, lapping speed and abrasive size had the most significant effects on MRR, Ra and η, and the established regression equations predicted the response values of MRR, Ra and η to be 99.56%, 99.51% and 93.88% and the relative errors between the predicted and actual measured values were <12%, respectively. With increased lapping time, MRR, Ra and η gradually decreased. With increased abrasive size, MRR increased nearly linearly, whereas Ra and η initially decreased but subsequently increased. With an increase in abrasive concentration, MRR, Ra and η initially increased but subsequently decreased. With increased lapping pressure, MRR and η increased nearly linearly and continuously, whereas Ra decreased nearly linearly and continuously. With increased lapping speed, Ra initially decreased sharply but subsequently increased gradually, whereas η initially increased sharply but subsequently decreased gradually; however, the change in MRR was not significant. Comparing the optimised results obtained via the analysis of influence law, the parameters optimised via the entropy method and GRA were used to obtain sapphire wafers lapping with an MRR of 4.26 µm/min, Ra of 0.141 µm and η of 25.08, and the lapping effect was significantly improved.

Therefore, GRA can provide new ideas for ultra-precision processing and process optimisation of semiconductor materials such as sapphire wafers.